Van Westendorp's Price Sensitivity Meter

The Price Sensitivity Meter helps determine psychologically acceptable range of prices for a single product or service. It is a frequently used pricing research method proposed by the economist Peter van Westendorp in the 1970s. It is particularly useful when:

• You want to assess what price range the market considers to be fair for your product.
• Your product is the only such product on the market or the number of competitive offerings is very large.
• You need quick, directionally correct results.

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Outputs

Price Sensitivity Meter

The Price Sensitivity Meter is a chart of four lines with four intersections. The range between the leftmost intersection (of the lines “too cheap” and “expensive”) and the rightmost intersection (of the lines “cheap” and “too expensive”) is the psychologically acceptable range of prices.

For example, this chart suggests that the acceptable range of prices is $25 to $42, with the so-called "optimal" price of $26.

Price elasticity chart

Conjoint.ly also provides Newton, Miller and Smith’s extension, which charts an approximated price elasticity of demand curve. The steeper the demand curve, the more price-sensitive customers are in relation to this product.

Revenue vs. price chart

Newton, Miller and Smith’s extension also models the approximate “revenue vs. price” curve, identifying revenue-maximising price points.

For example, this chart below suggests that the revenue-maximising price is around $32.

How it works

In this methodology, Conjoint.ly will ask each respondent four questions on the perception of price:

• “At what price would you consider the product to be priced so low that you would feel the quality couldn’t be very good?” – to determine the “too cheap” price.
• “At what price would you consider the product to be a bargain—a great buy for the money?” – to determine the “cheap” price.
• “At what price would you consider the product starting to get expensive, so that it is not out of the question, but you would have to give some thought to buying it?” – to determine the “expensive” price.
• “At what price would you consider the product to be so expensive that you would not consider buying it?” – to determine the “too expensive” price.

The main output of the method is a chart of four intersecting lines. Each of these lines shows cumulative frequency for each of the four price levels across the respondents. The intersections of the four lines have the following interpretations:

• Intersection of “too cheap” and “expensive” is considered the lower end of the range of reasonable prices. It is also called “point of marginal cheapness”, or PMC.
• Intersection of “too cheap” and “too expensive” is called the “optimal price point”. This is the point at which an equal number of respondents describe the price as exceeding either their upper or lower limits. Optimal in this sense refers to the fact that there is an equal trade-off in extreme sensitivities to the price at both ends of the price spectrum.
• Intersection of “cheap” and “expensive” is called the “normal price point” or the “indifference price point”. This price point refers to the price at which an equal number of respondents rate the price point as either "cheap" or "expensive".
• Intersection of “cheap” and “too expensive” is considered the upper end of the range of reasonable prices. It is also called “point of marginal expensiveness”, or PME. While in many pricing situations the theory that defines the “optimal” and “normal” price points is not compelling or applicable, the method does a reasonable job to help one understand the range of reasonable prices.

Even though the lines in the PSM chart look similar to elasticity curves, they are merely cumulative frequencies of responses, and do not show the amount of demand for any given price point. Newton, Miller and Smith proposed an extension to the PSM model, which helps address this issue.

This extension adds two 5-point scale questions that follow the Van Westendorp questions, asking about purchase likelihood at the prices the respondent has identified as “cheap” and “expensive”. This data allows us to construct (very approximate) elasticity curves and revenue charts.

Setting up on Conjoint.ly

There are a few things you will need to specify in Conjoint.ly for this type of experiment:

• Whether you want to have a qualifying question (to screen out respondents who would not be in the market for this particular product). We recommend including this question.
• Whether you want to customise the text of the four PSM questions.
• The range of applicable prices for validation of responses. We strongly encourage you to keep it as wide as possible, and set the minimum at $0. For example, even if you are investigating FMCG goods that typically cost $4 per item, you should set the range of prices from $0 to $50.
• Whether you want to enable Newton, Miller and Smith’s extension, which we also encourage you to do.

In Conjoint.ly, PSM is available both as:

• a separate experiment, and
• an additional question that can be added to conjoint, Gabor-Granger, or another survey.

You can add as many PSM exercises in a single experiment as you like.

Applications and limitations

The PSM is a great method to get exploratory results on the acceptable range of prices. It reveals attitudes people have about price points and where those attitudes might create hurdles that your company might have to overcome.

Because PSM is a “direct” pricing technique (where we ask respondents directly to name various prices), it is not appropriate in some situations, such as:

• In the case of entirely new products, where people have not yet formed a view of reasonable prices.
• In cases where there is in fact no such thing as “too cheap”. For example, add-ons to a software product can be priced at $0 and still be considered credible by virtue of paying for the main product.

PSM is often criticised as lacking solid theoretical foundation and history of predictive success (which is not the case for conjoint analysis, a more robust and proven method). In particular, we encourage you to consider the following:

• PSM asks about price of a single product in isolation from other characteristics of the product and competitive brands.
• Because it is a “direct” pricing technique, respondents are prone to underestimating the price levels they specify.
• The “optimal” and “normal” price points do not necessarily optimise for profit, volume, or revenue.